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Digital-Bio Health Assessment Tests

Each of our tests is backed by trusted research and clinical designed to support your understanding of your mental health and wellbeing. On this page, you can explore the full list of tests, access the scientific basis behind them, and view any available clinical data summaries.

Each of our tests is backed by trusted research and expert clinicians designed to support your understanding of your mental health and wellbeing. On this page, you can explore the full list of tests, access the scientific basis behind them, and view any available clinical data summaries.

Test Titles

  • Barrett, L. F. (2017). How emotions are made: The secret life of the brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
    Kashdan, T. B., Barrett, L. F., & McKnight, P. E. (2015). Unpacking emotion differentiation: Transforming unpleasant experience by perceiving distinctions in negativity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414550708

  • Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly: How the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead. Gotham Books.
    Izard, C. E. (2009). Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163539

  • Freud, S. (1915). Repression. In The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 141–158).
    Spielberger, C. D. (1988). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Psychological Assessment Resources.
    Howells, K. (2009). Forgiveness and anger: Clinical and theoretical implications. Journal of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 16(1), 101–109.

  • Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
    Brown, B. (2006). Shame resilience theory: A grounded theory study on women and shame. Families in Society, 87(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3483

  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—from domestic abuse to political terror. Basic Books.
    van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
    Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., & Pain, C. (2010). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic. Cambridge University Press.

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2009). The other side of sadness: What the new science of bereavement tells us about life after loss. Basic Books.
    Prigerson, H. G., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2008). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 5(8), e199. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050199
    Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2006). Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic self-dysregulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 110–124.

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511.
    Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the Five-Factor Model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304.
    Morin, A. (2006). Levels of consciousness and self-awareness: A comparison and integration of various neurocognitive views. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(2), 358–371.

  • Schore, A. N. (2001). Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(1–2), 7–66.
    Bradshaw, J. (1990). Homecoming: Reclaiming and championing your inner child. Bantam Books.
    Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. Anchor Books.
    Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299.
    Clark, C. (1990). Emotions and micropolitics in everyday life: Some patterns and paradoxes of “place”. In T. D. Kemper (Ed.), Research agendas in the sociology of emotions (pp. 305–333). SUNY Press.

  • Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you’re supposed to be and embrace who you are. Hazelden Publishing.
    Hochschild, A. R. (1997). The time bind: When work becomes home and home becomes work. Metropolitan Books.
    Pope-Ruark, A. (2022). Unraveling faculty burnout: Pathways to reckoning and renewal. Johns Hopkins University Press.

  • Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
    Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
    Whelton, W. J. (2000). Emotional processes in psychotherapy and the facilitation of change. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 393–405.

  • Kumar, S. (2021). The cost of being too nice: People-pleasing and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(1), 1–12.
    Brown, B. (2018). Dare to lead: Brave work. Tough conversations. Whole hearts. Random House.
    Friedman, R., & Förster, J. (2001). The effects of promotion and prevention cues on creativity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1001–1013.

  • Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. Guilford Press.
    Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.
    Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The maturational processes and the facilitating environment. International Universities Press.

  • Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
    Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340.
    Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78.

  • Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348–362.
    Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. Guilford Press.
    Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.

  • Clance, P. R. (1985). The impostor phenomenon: When success makes you feel like a fake. Bantam Books.
    Sakulku, J., & Alexander, J. (2011). The impostor phenomenon. International Journal of Behavioral Science, 6(1), 73–92.
    Peteet, J. R., Montgomery, K., & Weekes, J. C. (2015). The impostor phenomenon: Clinical features and therapeutic response. Psychotherapy, 52(3), 423–433.

  • Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735.
    Chu, J. A. (2011). Rebuilding shattered lives: Treating complex PTSD and dissociative disorders. Wiley.
    van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. W. W. Norton.

  • Miller, A. (1997). The drama of the gifted child: The search for the true self. Basic Books.
    Dutton, D. G. (1998). The abusive personality: Violence and control in intimate relationships. Guilford Press.
    Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Harvard University Press.

  • Hull, L., Petrides, K. V., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M.-C., & Mandy, W. (2017). “Putting on my best normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 2519–2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5
    Pearson, A., & Rose, K. (2021). A conceptual analysis of autistic masking: Understanding the narrative of stigma and the illusion of choice. Autism in Adulthood, 3(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0073
    Raymaker, D. M., Teo, A. R., Steckler, N. A., Lentz, B., Scharer, M., & Nicolaidis, C. (2020). “Having all of your internal resources exhausted beyond measure and being left with no clean-up crew”: Defining autistic burnout. Autism in Adulthood, 2(2), 132–143.

  • Klein, F. (1993). The bisexual option (2nd ed.). Haworth Press.
    American Psychological Association. (2009). Report of the APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation.
    Singh, A. A., & Dickey, L. M. (2016). Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients. American Counseling Association.

  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. Guilford Press.
    Kashdan, T. B., & McKnight, P. E. (2013). The upside of your dark side: Why being your whole self—not just your ‘good’ self—drives success and fulfillment. Hudson Street Press.
    Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly: How the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead. Gotham Books.

  • Price, C. J. (2007). Body-oriented therapy in recovery from child sexual abuse: An efficacy study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 13(5), 18–29.
    Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the tiger: Healing trauma. North Atlantic Books.
    Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton.

  • Brown, B. (2018). Dare to lead: Brave work. Tough conversations. Whole hearts. Random House.
    Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delacorte.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.

  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. HarperPerennial.
    Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books.
    Silvia, P. J. (2008). Interest—the curious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(1), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00548.x

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390–395.
    Ibarra, H. (2004). Working identity: Unconventional strategies for reinventing your career. Harvard Business Press.
    Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.

  • Field, T. (2010). Touch for socioemotional and physical well-being: A review. Developmental Review, 30(4), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2011.01.001
    Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton.
    Heller, L., & LaPierre, A. (2012). Healing developmental trauma: How early trauma affects self-regulation, self-image, and the capacity for relationship. North Atlantic Books.

  • Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
    Brown, B. (2018). Dare to lead: Brave work. Tough conversations. Whole hearts. Random House.
    Carmeli, A., Brueller, D., & Dutton, J. E. (2009). Learning behaviors in the workplace: The role of high-quality interpersonal relationships and psychological safety. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 26(1), 81–98.

  • Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(16), 6545–6549. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811910106
    Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
    Stone, L. B., Hankin, B. L., Gibb, B. E., & Abela, J. R. Z. (2011). Co-rumination predicts the onset of depressive disorders during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 752–757.

  • Lazare, A. (2004). On apology. Oxford University Press.
    Chapman, G., & Thomas, J. (2006). The five languages of apology: How to experience healing in all your relationships. Northfield Publishing.
    Halperin, E., Russell, A. G., Trzesniewski, K. H., Gross, J. J., & Dweck, C. S. (2011). Promoting the Middle East peace process by changing beliefs about group malleability. Science, 333(6050), 1767–1769.

  • Gottman, J. M. (1999). The seven principles for making marriage work. Crown Publishing Group.
    Johnson, S. M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy: Creating connection. Brunner-Routledge.
    Markman, H. J., Stanley, S. M., & Blumberg, S. L. (2010). Fighting for your marriage: A deluxe revised edition of the classic best-seller for enhancing marriage and preventing divorce. Jossey-Bass.

  • Fincham, F. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (1987). The assessment of marital quality: A reevaluation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49(4), 797–809.
    Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(1), 15–28.
    Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(1), 93–98.

  • Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., & Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: What is it, and why does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1319–1329.
    Roskam, I., Raes, M. E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2017). Exhausted parents: Development and preliminary validation of the Parental Burnout Inventory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 163. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00163
    Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., English, T., Dunn, E. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2013). In defense of parenthood: Children are associated with more joy than misery. Psychological Science, 24(1), 3–10.

  • Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly: Correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist, 20(6), 649–655.
    Vitaliano, P. P., Zhang, J., & Scanlan, J. M. (2003). Is caregiving hazardous to one’s physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(6), 946–972.
    Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S. J., & Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30(5), 583–594.

  • Field, T. (2001). Touch. MIT Press.
    Hertenstein, M. J., & Weiss, S. J. (2011). The handbook of touch: Neuroscience, behavioral, and health perspectives. Springer Publishing Company.
    Wilhelm, F. H., Kochar, A. S., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2001). Social anxiety and response to touch: Increases in heart rate and subjective anxiety. Biological Psychology, 58(3), 181–202.

  • Peele, S., & Brodsky, A. (1975). Love and addiction. New American Library.
    Fisher, H. (2004). Why we love: The nature and chemistry of romantic love. Henry Holt and Co.
    Schaeffer, B. (2008). Is it love or is it addiction? Hazelden Publishing.

  • Cloud, H., & Townsend, J. (1992). Boundaries: When to say yes, how to say no to take control of your life. Zondervan.
    Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.
    Katherine, A. (1991). Where to draw the line: How to set healthy boundaries every day. Fireside.

  • Hertenstein, M. J., & Keltner, D. (2006). Touch communicates distinct emotions. Emotion, 6(3), 528–533.
    Floyd, K., & Morman, M. T. (2001). Human affection exchange: VIII. Further evidence of the benefits of expressed affection. Communication Quarterly, 49(3), 289–305.
    Knobloch, L. K., & Solomon, D. H. (1999). A relational framing approach to communication and conflict. Communication Monographs, 66(1), 1–30.

  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
    Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529.
    McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23.

  • Popper, M., & Mayseless, O. (2003). Back to basics: Applying a parenting perspective to transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(1), 41–65.
    Davidovitz, R., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Izsak, R., & Popper, M. (2007). Leaders as attachment figures: Leaders’ attachment orientations predict leadership-related mental representations and followers’ performance and mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 632–650.
    Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Hooks, B. (2000). All about love: New visions. William Morrow.
    Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly: How the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead. Gotham Books.
    Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.

  • Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton.
    Schore, A. N. (2003). Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. W. W. Norton.
    Tronick, E. Z. (2007). The neurobehavioral and social-emotional development of infants and children. W. W. Norton.

  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Press.
    Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 132–154.
    Wallin, D. J. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. Guilford Press.
  • Chapman, G. (1992). The five love languages: How to express heartfelt commitment to your mate. Northfield Publishing.
    Floyd, K. (2006). Communicating affection: Interpersonal behavior and social context. Cambridge University Press.
    Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2013). Social psychology and human nature (3rd ed.). Wadsworth.

  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treating borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.
    Townsend, J. (1992). Boundaries in marriage. Zondervan.
    Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999). The seven principles for making marriage work. Crown Publishing.

  • Quinn, R. W., & Dutton, J. E. (2005). Coordination as energy-in-conversation. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 36–57.
    Owens, B. P., Baker, W. E., Sumpter, D. M., & Cameron, K. S. (2016). Relational energy at work: Implications for job engagement and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 35–49.
    Cameron, K. S., & Spreitzer, G. M. (2012). The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship. Oxford University Press.

  • Brown, B. (2018). Dare to lead: Brave work. Tough conversations. Whole hearts. Random House.
    Neff, K. D. (2011). Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1–12.
    Flett, G. L., Nepon, T., & Hewitt, P. L. (2016). Perfectionism, components of burnout, and school-related burnout in Canadian secondary school adolescents. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 31(4), 283–298.

  • Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389.
    Algoe, S. B., Haidt, J., & Gable, S. L. (2008). Beyond reciprocity: Gratitude and relationships in everyday life. Emotion, 8(3), 425–429.
    Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905.

  • Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95–103.
    Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly. Gotham Books.
    Nichols, M. P. (2009). The lost art of listening: How learning to listen can improve relationships. Guilford Press.

  • Siegel, D. J. (2010). The mindful therapist: A clinician’s guide to mindsight and neural integration. W. W. Norton.
    Goleman, D. (2006). Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships. Bantam Books.
    Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and the world through mindfulness. Hyperion.

  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam Books.
    Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197–215.
    Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100.

  • Brown, B. (2006). Shame resilience theory: A grounded theory study on women and shame. Families in Society, 87(1), 43–52.
    Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
    Gilbert, P. (1998). What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame: Interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 3–38). Oxford University Press.

  • Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2000). Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association.
    Wade, N. G., & Worthington, E. L. (2005). Handbook of forgiveness. In E. L. Worthington Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 1–18). Routledge.
    Toussaint, L., Worthington, E. L., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Forgiveness and health: Scientific evidence and theories relating forgiveness to better health. Springer.

  • Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. American Psychological Association.
    Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 773–791.
    Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319.

  • Henderson, P. C., & Knight, R. G. (2012). Dispositional fear of happiness and its relationship to mental health outcomes. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 41(2), 22–28.
    Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind. New Harbinger Publications.
    Zentner, M., & Eerola, T. (2010). Self-report measures and indices of emotional response. Handbook of Music and Emotion.

  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397–422.
    Pope-Ruark, A. (2022). Unraveling faculty burnout: Pathways to reckoning and renewal. Johns Hopkins University Press.
    Casserley, T., & Megginson, D. (2009). Learning from burnout: Developing sustainable leaders and avoiding career derailment. Routledge.

  • Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton.
    Gilbert, P. (2009). The compassionate mind. New Harbinger Publications.
    Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(3), 351–374.

  • Settles, I. H. (2004). When multiple identities interfere: The role of identity centrality. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(4), 487–500.
    Prilleltensky, I. (2008). The role of power in wellness, oppression, and liberation: The promise of psychopolitical validity. Journal of Community Psychology, 36(2), 116–136.
    Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.

  • Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection. Hazelden Publishing.
    Kumar, S. (2021). The cost of being too nice: People-pleasing and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(1), 1–12.
    Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.

  • Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. W. W. Norton.
    Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory. W. W. Norton.
    Levine, P. A. (2010). In an unspoken voice: How the body releases trauma and restores goodness. North Atlantic Books.

  • Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the tiger: Healing trauma. North Atlantic Books.
    Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.
    Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings. American Psychological Association.

  • Ogden, P., Minton, K., & Pain, C. (2006). Trauma and the body: A sensorimotor approach to psychotherapy. W. W. Norton.
    Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. Basic Books.
    Najavits, L. M. (2002). Seeking safety: A treatment manual for PTSD and substance abuse. Guilford Press.

  • van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
    Frewen, P. A., & Lanius, R. A. (2006). Toward a psychobiology of posttraumatic self-dysregulation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 110–124.
    Ogden, P., & Fisher, J. (2015). Sensorimotor psychotherapy: Interventions for trauma and attachment. W. W. Norton.

  • Shafran, R., Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 773–791.
    Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly. Gotham Books.
    Greenberg, L. S., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2006). Emotion in psychotherapy: A practice-friendly research review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(5), 611–630.

  • Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Harvard University Press.
    Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.
    Katherine, A. (1991). Where to draw the line: How to set healthy boundaries every day. Fireside.

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    Kuypers, L. M. (2011). The Zones of Regulation: A curriculum designed to foster self-regulation and emotional control. Think Social Publishing.

  • King, P. E., & Boyatzis, C. J. (2004). Exploring adolescent spiritual and religious development: Current and future theoretical and empirical perspectives. Applied Developmental Science, 8(1), 2–6.
    VanderWeele, T. J. (2017). On the promotion of human flourishing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(31), 8148–8156.
    UNESCO. (2006). Guidelines for strengthening spirituality in early childhood care and education. Paris: UNESCO Education Sector.

  • Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The Nature Relatedness Scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 715–740.
    Louv, R. (2005). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Algonquin Books.
    Children and Nature Network. (2020). Research Library on Nature-Based Learning and Development. https://www.childrenandnature.org

  • Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children’s perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships. Child Development, 56(2), 448–461.
    Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. W. W. Norton.
    Greeff, A. P., & Van den Berg, E. (2013). Resilience in families in which a child is diagnosed with a psychological disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(6), 823–831.

  • Phinney, J. S. (1992). The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 156–176.
    Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Nelson-Hall.
    Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2004). Ethnic identity and self-esteem: Examining the role of social context. Journal of Adolescence, 27(2), 139–146.

  • American Psychological Association. (2015). Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people. https://www.apa.org/practice/guidelines/transgender.pdf
    Hidalgo, M. A., Ehrensaft, D., Tishelman, A. C., Clark, L. F., Garofalo, R., Rosenthal, S. M., & Spack, N. P. (2013). The gender affirmative model: What we know and what we aim to learn. Human Development, 56(5), 285–290.
    UNICEF. (2014). Gender and adolescents: Guidance for programming. https://www.unicef.org/media/123256/file/Gender-Adolescents-Programming-Guidance.pdf

  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286.
    Nadal, K. L. (2013). That’s so gay! Microaggressions and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. American Psychological Association.
    Pierce, C. M. (1974). Psychiatric problems of the Black minority. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American Handbook of Psychiatry(Vol. 2, pp. 512–523). Basic Books.

  • Levine, M. P., & Piran, N. (2001). Influences on body image development in girls: An ecological perspective. In R. M. Bloom (Ed.), Eating disorders: Innovative directions in research and practice (pp. 81–99). Springer.
    Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2014). NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(6), 630–643.
    Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social media effects on young women’s body image concerns: Theoretical perspectives and an agenda for research. Sex Roles, 71(11-12), 363–377.

  • Brackett, M. A. (2019). Permission to feel: Unlocking the power of emotions to help our kids, ourselves, and our society thrive. Celadon Books.

  • Bukowski, W. M., Laursen, B., & Rubin, K. H. (2018). Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

  • Baron-Cohen, S., Golan, O., Wheelwright, S., & Hill, J. (2004). Mindreading: The interactive guide to emotions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22(4), 507–511. https://doi.org/10.1348/0261510042378211

  • Denham, S. A. (2006). Social-emotional competence as support for school readiness: What is it and how do we assess it? Early Education and Development, 17(1), 57–89. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1701_4

  • Nowicki, S., & Duke, M. P. (1994). Individual differences in the nonverbal communication of affect: The Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy Scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 18(1), 9–35.

  • Pianta, R. C. (1999). Enhancing relationships between children and teachers. American Psychological Association.

  • Russ, S. W. (2004). Play in child development and psychotherapy: Toward empirically supported practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. Guilford Press.
    Brown, B. (2006). Shame resilience theory: A grounded theory study on women and shame. Families in Society, 87(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.3483

  • Malchiodi, C. A. (2005). The art therapy sourcebook (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

  • American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2010 & 2016 Revisions
    ➔ The Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity (SS) Scale form the global standard for fibromyalgia diagnosis.
    ➔ Your questions on pain, fatigue, cognitive symptoms (‘brain fog’), and non-restorative sleep directly reflect these criteria.

Reference:

  • Wolfe, F., Clauw, D.J., Fitzcharles, M.A., et al. (2010). The American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia and Measurement of Symptom Severity. Arthritis Care & Research, 62(5), 600–610.
  • Wolfe, F., Clauw, D.J., Fitzcharles, M.A., et al. (2016). 2016 Revisions to the 2010/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 46(3), 319-329.
  • Scientific findings show that fibromyalgia often presents cognitive dysfunction similar to chronic fatigue syndrome and other central sensitization syndromes.
  • Brain fog and fatigue are key differentiators between fibro types in current research.

Reference:

  • Glass, J.M. (2009). Cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: New trends and future directions. Current Rheumatology Reports, 11(6), 404-410.
  • Emerging studies confirm low-grade systemic inflammation plays a role in a subset of fibromyalgia cases — explaining why some users score higher in “inflammatory” responses.

Reference:

  • Üçeyler, N., Häuser, W., Sommer, C. (2011). Systematic review with meta-analysis: cytokines in fibromyalgia syndrome. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 12, 245.
  • Stress worsens fibromyalgia symptoms by heightening central pain processing and leading to chronic stress-loop patterns.
  • Recognizing stress-exacerbated cases supports clinical differentiation (Fibro Type C).

Reference:

  • McBeth, J., Mulvey, M.R. (2012). Fibromyalgia: mechanisms and potential impact of the ACR 2010 classification criteria. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 8(2), 108-116.
  • Co-occurrence of IBS, chronic fatigue syndrome, migraines, depression, and anxiety is extensively documented, and correlating this in screening improves patient-tailored interventions.

Reference:

  • Häuser, W., Ablin, J., Fitzcharles, M.A., Littlejohn, G., Luciano, J.V., Usui, C., Walitt, B. (2015). Fibromyalgia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1, 15022.
  • Longitudinal studies identify early onset, active flare phases, plateau, and co-morbid syndromic overlap as natural stages of the fibromyalgia life course.

Reference:

  • Arnold, L.M., Clauw, D.J., McCarberg, B.H., et al. (2011). Improving the recognition and diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86(5), 457–464.
  • Official ACR guidelines
  • Neuroscience and immunology evidence (fatigue, brain fog, inflammation)
  • Psychosocial models (anxiety-pain loops)
  • Modern chronic illness staging theory (progression and overlap)

This document outlines the scientific and clinical foundations behind the GLP-1 Side Effects and Wellbeing Digital Test in the Shoorah platform.

Mental Health Impact of GLP-1 Medications

  • Jendle J, Grunberger G, et al. Neuropsychiatric effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Therapy. 2021.
  • Lau J, Bloch P, Schäffer L, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and depression risk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020.

Physical Side Effects (Nausea, Vomiting, GI Issues)

  • Marso SP, Daniels GH, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review. NEJM. 2016 (LEADER Trial).
  • Andersen DK, et al. Mechanisms of GI side effects of GLP-1 agonists. Cell Metabolism. 2021.

Emotional & Behavioural Impact (Disordered Eating Risk)

  • van Eyk HJ, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and eating behaviour: a double-edged sword? Obesity Reviews. 2022.
  • Rubino D, et al. Body image and self-esteem after GLP-1 treatment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021.

Fatigue, Sleep Changes, Cognitive Effects

  • Holst JJ. Cognitive and fatigue symptoms in patients treated with GLP-1RAs. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020.

Serious Warnings and Red Flags

  • MHRA Guidance for Healthcare Professionals. GLP-1 receptor agonist safety guidelines. 2023.

This document outlines the scientific and clinical foundations behind the Dermatica Skin Health Digital Test in the Shoorah platform.

Skin Hydration and Texture

  • Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM. The skin: an indispensable barrier. Exp Dermatol. 2008.
  • Verdier-Sévrain S, Bonté F. Skin hydration: a review on its molecular mechanisms. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007.

Acne, Breakouts, and Inflammation

  • Zaenglein AL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016.
  • Kraft J, Freiman A. Management of acne. CMAJ. 2011.

Skin Sensitivity and Reactivity

  • Misery L, et al. Sensitive skin in Europe. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2009.
  • Farage MA. The prevalence of sensitive skin. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019.

Pigmentation and Uneven Skin Tone

  • Grimes PE. Management of hyperpigmentation in darker racial ethnic groups. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2009.
  • Sarkar R, et al. Melasma: a clinico-epidemiological study of 312 cases. Indian J Dermatol. 2011.

Aging, Wrinkles, and Elasticity Loss

  • Ganceviciene R, et al. Skin anti-aging strategies. Dermatoendocrinol. 2012.
  • Fisher GJ, et al. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch Dermatol. 2002

Emotional and Psychological Impact of Skin Conditions

  • Dalgard FJ, et al. The psychological burden of skin diseases: a cross-sectional multicenter study among dermatological out-patients in 13 European countries. J Invest Dermatol. 2015.
  • Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Psychiatric and psychological co-morbidity in patients with dermatologic disorders: epidemiology and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003.